fertilization

To attract a male, the female horse, or mare, urinates, raising her tail and revealing her vulva. An interested male horse, or stallion, approaching with a high head and tail and ears drooped backwards, will nicker, nip and nudge her, as well as sniff her urine to determine her sexual maturity.

This innate behaviour stimulates the mares secretion and the stallions erection. If both the mare and stallion are satisfied with each other, he will mount her and copulation will occur.

Often they will periodically repeat courtship and breeding while the mare continues to secrete oestrogen.

Mare and Foal

The mother horse, or mare, carries her foal for 11 months.

Most mares give birth in the spring to a single baby (foal), sometimes twins. Mares produce milk for their young and will feed them for several months.

Within 1 - 2 hours of birth a foal is able to stand up and walk.

When foals are born their legs are almost the same length as they are when they are fully grown - their legs are so long they find it difficult to reach down to the grass to eat.

Foaling normally takes place at night or early in the morning and is generally over in 15 minutes. Once the foal comes out, the mare will chew on the membranes/placenta to prevent the foal from suffocating and lick the newborn foal to help blood circulation. In fifteen minutes, the foal will attempt to stand and get milk from its mother. A foal should stand and nurse within the first hour of life. Foals can focus with their eyes almost as soon as they are born. The foal/filly is born with no teeth. They cut their first teeth within a week. As it gets older, the horse grows teeth. By the time the foal/filly is six to nine months, the young horse has all of its milk teeth.

At five to six years of age, the horse replaces its milk teeth with its permanent teeth. You can tell how old a horse is by its teeth. When it becomes older it becomes even easier to tell because of the 'Galvayne Groove' on the corner of the incisor of the upper jaw. Horses are fully grown by 3 - 4 years of age.

Foaling Care

Domestic mares require specific care and nutrition to ensure that they and their foals are healthy. Mares are given Rhino shots (vaccinations against Rhinopneumonitis virus which can cause abortions) in months 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 of their gestation periods. Mares are often fed more than other horses because their bodies require extra nutrition to form and nurse a foal.

A special foaling stall or shed that is large and clutter free provides the mare with a safe place to give birth. While most horse births happen without complications, many owners have foaling kits prepared in case of a birthing emergency. After birth, a foals navel is dipped in iodine to prevent infection and the newborn is monitored to ensure that it stands and nurses without difficulty.

HORSE

A Horse (Equus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus.

Equus comes from the ancient Greek word meaning quickness. Horses are mammals in the same family as zebras, mules and donkeys.

Most breeds of horses are able to perform work such as carrying humans on their backs or be harnessed to pull objects such as carts or plows. However, horse breeds were developed to allow horses to be specialized for certain tasks. Lighter horses were bred for racing or riding, heavier horses for farming and other tasks requiring pulling power. Some horses, such as the miniature horse, can be kept as pets.

The horse plays a prominent role as a figure in the ideals of religion, mythology and art and plays an important role in transportation, agriculture and warfare.

Horses come in lots of different colours and shades - take a look at some of these colours below:

Bay Black Brown Chestnut

Fleabitten Grey Skewbald Albino

Appaloosa Dun Palomino Piebald

Roan

Horse Life Span

Depending on breed, management and environment, the domestic horse today has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. It is uncommon, but a few horses live into their 40s and occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was 'Old Billy', a horse that lived in the 19th century to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the worlds oldest then-living pony, died at age 56.

Regardless of a horses actual birthdate, for most competition purposes, horses are considered a year older on January 1 of each year in the northern hemisphere and August 1 in the southern hemisphere. The exception is endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the horses actual calendar age.

Horse Hooves

Horses that work or travel on hard roads need their feet (hooves) protected by metal shoes. Horses hooves, like our finger and toe nails, also grow continuously and need to be trimmed. To do this, the horses shoes need to be removed and their hooves trimmed every 4 - 6 weeks. After trimming their hooves new shoes are fitted. The person who cares for a horses feet is called a blacksmith.

How Horses are measured

Horses are measured by the width of a human hand - 4 inches or 10 centimetres. Measurement is taken from the ground up to the withers, the highest point on the horses shoulder.